Antoni Lange

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Antoni Lange (28 April 1862 – 17 March 1929) was a Polish poet, philosopher, polyglot (15 languages), writer, novelist, science-writer, reporter and translator. A representative of Polish Parnassianism and symbolism, he is also regarded as belonging to the Decadent movement. He was an expert on Romanticism, French literature and a popularizer of Eastern cultures. His most popular novel is Miranda. He translated English, French, Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Indian, American, Serbian, Egyptian and Oriental writers into Polish and Polish poets into French and English. He was also one of the most original poets of the Young Poland movement. His work is often compared to Stéphane Mallarmé and Charles Marie René Leconte de Lisle. Lange was an uncle of the poet Bolesław Leśmian.

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Life Lange was born in Warsaw into the patriotic Jewish family of Henryk Lange (1815–1884) and Zofia née Eisenbaum (1832–1897). His father took part in the November Uprising against the Russian Partition of Poland. He was an admirer of Romantic literature and its ideals. Antoni Lange enrolled at Warsaw University, but around 1880, he was expelled for his patriotic activity by the Tsarist namiestnik Apuchtin, who ruled the university at that time. He supported himself financially as a tutor but also published poetry under the pen-names Napierski and Antoni Wrzesień. He decided to study in Paris, where he encountered new trends in literature, philosophy and art. In France, he became familiar with the theories of Jean Martin Charcot, as well as Spiritualism, parapsychology, the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, oriental religions, European and Eastern literature and modern literary criticism. He took part in the literary meetings of Stéphane Mallarmé. Lange returned to his homeland upon Poland's return to independence, and became one of the better known members of the Warsaw Society of Writers and Journalists (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Literatów i Dziennikarzy), the precursor of the Polish Academy of Literature founded in 1933. Bolesław Prus, Julian Ochorowicz and Lange were…Citește mai mult

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Writing Lange was a prolific and versatile writer. He wrote many novels (Miranda), short stories (Zbrodnia, Amor i Faun), dramas (Malczewski, Wenedzi), essays and poems. Lange's poetry is contemplative and erudite. It connects the traditions of European culture with Buddhism. The overriding theme of Lange's existential concerns was 'extremity' and the 'cycle' of death. In order to form the poetry, Lange connects to contradictory points of impressionism, romantic sentimentality and experimental theories of Stéphane Mallarmé. Lange was fond of rare poetic forms: acrostics, dactyls, pantoums, praeludiums, scherzos, canticles and triolets. He was also the author of many pastorals concerning the metaphysical side of village life; historiosophical songs inspired by the philosophy of Juliusz Słowacki; and exotic genesis mythologies from all over the world (from Mexico to Japan). Lange was also the author of many lyrical essays presenting original views about the relationship between poet and reader concerning eschatological issues (Thoughts, The Grave). In the first phase of his writing, he was a lover of aestheticism, formal innovation and the theories of Stéphane Mallarmé. However, later he faced primitivism, anonymity, writings of folk poets and 16th century poets and blank verse. Both Lange and Jerzy Żuławski are often referred to as…Citește mai mult

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Vita Nova and other love poems Lange was the author of many love poems influenced by Romanticism, spiritualism and Indian mythology. Other love poems by Lange, for example Vita Nova (A New Life), written in 1898, present an original vision of a decadent and melancholy poet who momentarily becomes an Übermensch thanks to the illusion of requited love. Unfortunately, there is always a conflict between the vision of ideal love and its realisation. Lange also takes note of the "painful impossibility" of the absolute and eternal union of lovers' souls; he creates a pessimistic vision of the relationship between man and woman, which is always burdened by the certainty that complete fulfilment is impossible. In Lange's verses, love always makes the subject feel as if he has been exiled from and deprived of a latent part of his own existence, but simultaneously he believes that lovers can communicate and feel the same by transmitting their pain and the power of their affection in defiance of metaphorical distance. Deuteronomion, The Hour, Logos and Sonnets of Veda The most characteristic feature of Lange's writings is the strong influence of Eastern traditions, religions and philosophies such as the Veda, Brahminism and Buddhism. Written…Citește mai mult

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Narrative poems Lange inaugurated a return to narrative poetry, a form which was unprecedented in Polish literature. This form of poetry was mainly used in Romanticism (for example, by George Gordon Byron and Adam Mickiewicz) and was no longer used after the late 19th century. Therefore, Lange was probably the last and only poet who wrote narrative poems in Poland. There are: The Oracle, a poem based on an Indian legend Ilya Muromets, a poem inspired by bylina

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The Vision of Catherine of Alexandria Lange also wrote A Song of Płanetnik, a narrative poem referring to the character of Płanetnik. In pagan Slavic mythology a płanetnik was a guardian spirit of clouds and a lonely dreamer who predicted the weather. It was thought that płanetniks were the lost souls of those who had committed suicide and victims of murder. One would call them by sprinkling flour into the wind or fire. A Song of Płanetnik by Lange tells the story of a young sensitive man who lost touch with reality and set off on the path of solitary existence.

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Philosophy In Lange's cosmogony-philosophy, he announced that the evolution of the soul is parallel to the evolution of a nation. Capitalism is the enemy of this principle because it acts against individualism, so capitalism is the ideology of the anonymous crowd. If there is no individualism among the people, then there is also no problem of "bad" versus "good". Then the world comes to disturb its own logic. According to Lange, a world that 'was being born' from ideal space, is still coming to the highest stage of evolution; sometime, it will return to its primary stage. Every step to evolution is a step toward the ideal primary. An exception to this "rule of time-line" is the person of genius, who is between the times. In Lange's philosophy, he referred to Thomas Carlyle, Giambattista Vico and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Lange was interested in spiritualism and parapsychology to contain his own philosophy.

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Critic of Romanticism An important part of Lange's writing was the criticism of the legacy of romanticism in modern poetry. In 1924, he founded Astrea, a science magazine and the first forum about Polish and European romanticism. Lange rejected romantic illumination. In his view, theological truth is within the reach only of erudition, intellect and afterthought. Lange also criticised the importance of individualism and the authorial personality. Placing the poem as an artwork at the centre, as an eidos of poetry, he affirmed the poem's own existence and a clear idea of creation; therefore, he disagreed with the cult of individualism.

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Other works Vox Posthuma – a philosophical treatise about an archetypical enfant du siècle Godzina ("The Hour") – an occult novel about the connections between the ideal and the material world, estheticism in poetry and real life, etc. Pogrzeb Shelleya ("The Funeral of Shelley") – an ode to Percy Bysshe Shelley Księgi proroków ("Books of the Prophets") – a collection of cosmogonical poetry referred to Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Islam Exotica – an historiosophical poem about the genesis of the world, God, man and woman Pogrobowcy ("Posthumous Verses") – a collection of early poems strongly influenced by positivism Rozmyślania ("Contemplations" or "Thoughts") – a philosophical poem about the dead, strongly influenced by Romanticism, Baroque poetry and decadentism Ballady pijackie ("Drunken Ballads") – a lyrical essay about the drugs and alcohol enjoyed by decadent poets Stypa ("Meeting") – a frame story about the suicide of young man after a tragic love affair Widzenie świętej Katarzyny ("The Vision of Saint Catherine of Alexandria") – a lyrical story about the social and metaphysical consequences of the death of God W czwartym wymiarze ("In the Fourth Dimension") – one of the first science-fiction books in Polish literature Miranda – an occult novel about tragic love…Citește mai mult

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Atylla ("Attila") Malczewski – a play about the life of the Polish Romantic poet Antoni Malczewski Vita Nova – a cycle of 11 philosophical poems about an ideal vision of love, pain and loneliness Pieśni dla przyjaciół ("Odes to Friends") – a collection of odes to Polish poets such as Jan Kasprowicz and Zenon Przesmycki

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Selected translations English (poems from Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, poems of Lord Byron, Edgar Allan Poe, short-stories of Herbert George Wells, Paradise Lost of John Milton, Novum Organum of Francis Bacon) French (poems of Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle, Charles Baudelaire, Théodore de Banville, selected works of Gustave Flaubert, poetry by Maurice Maeterlinck) Italian (works of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, New Science of Giambattista Vico) German (works of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche)

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Logos (1895) Poezje (I – 1895; II – 1898)

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O sprzeczności sprawy żydowskiej (1890) Analfabetyzm i walka z ciemnotą w Królestwie Polskim (1892)

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Lange's poems in Esperanto A poem Madame S... original written by Lange in French Copies of the first editions of twenty books of Lange Works by Antoni Lange at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)