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Egon Friedell (born Egon Friedmann; 21 January 1878, Vienna – 16 March 1938, Vienna) was a prominent Austrian cultural historian, playwright, actor and Kabarett performer, journalist and theatre critic. Friedell has been described as a polymath. Before 1916, he was also known by his pen name Egon Friedländer.
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Egon Friedell (born Egon Friedmann; 21 January 1878, Vienna – 16 March 1938, Vienna) was a prominent Austrian cultural historian, playwright, actor and Kabarett performer, journalist and theatre critic. Friedell has been described as a polymath. Before 1916, he was also known by his pen name Egon Friedländer.
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Early life Friedell's parents had immigrated to Vienna from the eastern parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Friedell was the second child of Jewish parents, Moriz Friedmann and Karoline (née Eisenberger), who were running a silk manufactory in Mariahilf. His older brother, Oskar Friedmann , also later became a writer and journalist. His mother left the family for another man when he was six years old; from then on he lived with his father. The divorce was made in 1887. After his father's death in 1889, Friedell lived with his aunt in Frankfurt am Main, where he would attend school, until he was expelled for unruly behaviour three years later. Even at this young age, Friedell was considered a troublemaker and freethinker. In 1897, he renounced Judaism and converted to the Lutheran faith. He attended several schools in Austria and Germany. Whilst attending school in Heidelberg in 1897, he already attended lectures on history of philosophy by Kuno Fischer. In 1899 he finally passed his Abitur (exit examination) after four attempts, in Bad Hersfeld. After graduation he enrolled in Heidelberg University to study under the historian of philosophy and follower of Hegel, Kuno Fischer. Also in 1899, he came of age…
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Cultural History of the Modern Age During the early 1920s, Friedell wrote the three volumes of his Cultural History of the Modern Age, which describes events from the Black Death to World War I in an anecdotal format. In 1925, publisher Hermann Ullstein received the first volume, but was suspicious of the historiography of an actor. Five other publishers subsequently rejected the book. The first volume was finally published by Heinrich Beck in Munich in 1927 and the following two volumes in 1928 and 1931. His approach to history was influenced by Oswald Spengler and Jacob Burckhardt. For instance, Friedell writes; "All the classifications man has ever devised are arbitrary, artificial, and false, but simple reflection also shows that such classifications are useful, indispensable, and above all unavoidable since they accord with an innate aspect of our thinking." Friedell summed up the Congress of Vienna as: "the Tsar of Russia falls in love for everyone; the King of Prussia thinks for everyone, the King of Denmark speaks for everyone; the King of Bavaria drinks for everyone; the King of Württemberg eats for everyone … and the Emperor of Austria pays for everyone."
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A Cultural History of Antiquity Friedell's A Cultural History of Antiquity was planned in three volumes. Because his publisher in Germany Heinrich Beck was, since 1935, not allowed to publish any of his works, the first volume on Cultural History of Egypt's Land and of the Ancient Orient was published in 1936 by the Helikon-Verlag in Zürich. The second volume Cultural History of Ancient Greece was unfinished and published in Munich in 1950. Due to his death, he couldn't write the third volume on Cultural History of the Romans.
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Censorship and suicide In 1933, when the Nazis came to power in Germany, Friedell described the regime as: "the realm of the Antichrist. Every trace of nobility, piety, education, reason is persecuted in the most hateful and base manner by a bunch of debased menials". In 1937, Friedell's works were banned by the National Socialist regime as they did not conform to the theory of history promoted by the NSDAP, and all German and Austrian publishers refused to publish his works. On the occasion of the Anschluss of Austria, anti-semitism was rampant: Jewish men and women were being beaten in the streets and their businesses and synagogues ransacked or destroyed. Friedell, knowing that he could be arrested by the Gestapo, began to contemplate ending his own life. Friedell told his close friend, Ödön von Horváth, in a letter written on 11 March: "I am always ready to leave, in every sense." On 16 March 1938, at about 22:00, two SA men arrived at Friedell's house to arrest him. Different accounts of the circumstances of his death have been given. In one version Friedell, aged 60, committed suicide by jumping out of the window. Before leaping, he had warned pedestrians walking…
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Works Absinth "Schönheit" (Peter Altenberg & Egon Friedell) - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German) Das schwarze Buch (Peter Altenberg & Egon Friedell) - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
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Der Petroleumkönig, 1908 Der Nutzwert des Dichters - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German) Goethe, 1908 - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
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Steinbruch, 1922 Ist die Erde bewohnt? 1931 - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
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Kulturgeschichte der Neuzeit, 1927–31 (Engl. transl) Kulturgeschichte Ägyptens und des alten Orients, 1936
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Kulturgeschichte Griechenlands, 1940 Die Reise mit der Zeitmaschine, 1946 - a sequel to H. G. Wells' The Time Machine, translated by Eddy C Bertin into English and republished as The Return of the Time Machine
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Kleine Porträtgalerie, 1953 Abschaffung des Genies. Essays bis 1918, 1984