Lucjan Żeligowski

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Lucjan Żeligowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlut͡sjan ʐɛliˈɡɔfskʲi]; Belarusian: Люцыя́н Жаліго́ўскі; Russian: Люциа́н Гу́ставович Желиго́вский; 17 October 1865 – 9 July 1947) was a Polish general, politician, military commander and veteran of World War I, the Polish-Soviet War and World War II. He is mostly remembered for his role in Żeligowski's Mutiny and as head of a short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania.

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Biography Lucjan Żeligowski was born on October 17, 1865 in the Przechody (Belarusian: Пераходы) folwark by the village of Sikūnė in Oshmyansky Uyezd, in the Russian Empire (modern Ashmyany District in Belarus) (other sources give Oszmiana as his birthplace) to Polish parents Gustaw Żeligowski and Władysława Żeligowska née Traczewska. Żeligowski in his youth lived in poverty and only spoke in the tutejszy language, which is a Belarusian vernacular, and identified himself as a Litvin, not a Belarusian (see the article "Litvinism" for his views in this resect), but was very positive towards the Belarusian movements. Before the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century the town was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After graduating from military officers' school located in Riga (1885), Żeligowski joined the Imperial Russian Army, where he served at various staff and command posts. He then married Tatiana Pietrova and had two children. Żeligowski fought in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. During the First World War he served as a lieutenant colonel and commanding officer of an Imperial Russian rifle regiment.

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Serving in the Polish Army After the February Revolution of 1917, Żeligowski became one of the organizers of the Polish Army in the former Russian Empire. Initially commander of an infantry regiment in the ranks of the Polish 1st Corps, he was quickly promoted and given command over a brigade. In 1918 he started the creation of a Polish unit in the area of Kuban, which eventually became the 4th Polish Rifle Division. As part of the Polish Army, his unit fought alongside the Denikin's Whites in the Russian Civil War. In October of the same year he became the Commander in Chief of all the Polish units fighting in Russia. After the outbreak of the Polish-Bolshevik War and the defeat of Denikin, Żeligowski's unit was ordered to retreat to Romanian Bessarabia, where it took part in defence of the border against Bolshevik raids. Finally, in April 1919, the division was withdrawn to the newly established Second Polish Republic, where it was incorporated into the Polish Army and renamed to the Polish 10th Infantry Division. During the war against the Bolshevist Russia, Żeligowski, a personal friend of Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski, was quickly promoted to general and given the command…Citește mai mult

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Republic of Central Lithuania In October 1920, Żeligowski, a native of historical lands of Lithuania, was chosen to command the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division, composed mainly of PMO members, volunteers and partisans from the territory of modern Belarus and Lithuania. On October 8, 1920, after a staged mutiny, he "defected" with his unit and took control over the city of Vilnius and its area. The mutiny, named after him, would be remembered as the defining moment of his life. On October 12, he proclaimed independence of the said area as Republic of Central Lithuania, with Wilno as its capital. Initially a de facto military dictator, after the parliamentary elections he passed his powers to the newly elected parliament, which in turn decided to submit the area to Poland. According to Lucjan Żeligowski's point of view:"But not only geographically, Lithuania was the heart of the Slavs. It was morally. She, one of all the Slavic peoples, could easily talk with everyone. As with Poland, so with Russia, so with Ukraine. The mentality of the Lithuanian peoples was, as it were, created to reconcile everyone. He never had hostility, neither national, nor religious, nor cultural."Regarding his invasion of Lithuania in October 1920,…Citește mai mult

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Later life After the annexation of Central Lithuania to Poland, Żeligowski continued his service in the Polish Army. Promoted to three-star general in 1923, he served as an army inspector, or a commander of a military district of the capital city of Warsaw. In 1925 he also became the Polish Minister of Military Affairs. Ousted by Piłsudski's coup d'état (the May Coup), he was soon returned to the post. He retired the following year and settled in his family manor in Andrzejewo near Vilnius. In 1930 he published a book containing his memoirs of the Polish-Bolshevik War named War of 1920: Memories and thoughts (Wojna w roku 1920. Wspomnienia i rozważania). He also wrote numerous articles on the conflicts of early 20th century for a variety of Polish newspapers. In 1935 he was elected a member of parliament and remained in the Sejm until the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

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World War II and death During the Invasion of Poland, Żeligowski volunteered for the Polish Armed Forces, but was not accepted due to his old age (he was 74 at that time) and poor health. Nevertheless, he served as an advisor to the command of the Polish southern front. After the Polish defeat, he evaded being captured by the Germans and the Soviets and managed to reach France, where he joined the Polish Government in Exile headed by General Władysław Sikorski. An active member of the Polish National Council, an advisory body, he escaped to London after the French defeat in 1940. After the end of Second World War Żeligowski declared he would return to Poland, but he suddenly died on 9 July 1947 in London. His body was brought back to Poland, and Żeligowski was buried in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw.

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Honours and awards Commander's Cross of the Virtuti Militari, also awarded the Silver Cross

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Grand Cross of the Polonia Restituta Cross of Independence with Swords (25 February 1932)

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Cross of Valour - four times Cross of Merit of the Army of Central Lithuania Commemorative Medal of the War of 1918-1921 Medal "Decade of the Restoration of Independence" (Poland) Order of St. George IV class (Russian Empire) Order of St. Vladimir with Swords class IV (Russian Empire) Order of St. Anna, class II and III (Russian Empire) Order of St. Stanislaus, II class (Russian Empire) Commander's Cross of the Legion of Honour (France)

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Croix de Guerre (France) Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature

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Published works Lucjan Żeligowski, Wojna w roku 1920: Wspomnienia I Rozwazania, Warszawa: Wydawn. Ministerstwa * Obrony Narodowej, 1990. Lucjan Żeligowski, O ideę słowiańską. London: F. Mildner & Sons, 1941. Lucjan Żeligowski, Zapomniane prawdy. London: F. Mildner & Sons, 1941.

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Legion of Honour List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (Z)

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English Palij, Michael (1995), The Ukrainian-Polish Defensive Alliance, 1919-1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution, 1919–1921, Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press / University of Toronto, ISBN 1-895571-05-7 Snyder, Timothy D. (2003), The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09569-4

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Polish Fabisz, Dariusz (2007), Generał Lucjan Żeligowski 1865-1947. Działalność wojskowa i polityczna, Warsaw: DiG Hołówko, Tadeusz (28 October 1920), "Robotnik" [The Dispute Over Vilnius], Spór o Wilno, Robotnik, p. 1 Kawalec, Tadeusz (1993), Historia IV-ej Dywizji Strzelców Generała Żeligowskiego w zarysie [History of 4th Rifleman Division of General Żeligowski in brief], Gryf, OCLC 32178695 Kicman, Wojciech (February 1988), "Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny", Jeszcze w sprawie gen. broni L. Żeligowskiego, no. 124, Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny, pp. 319–335 Kryska-Karski, Tadeusz; Żurakowski, Stanisław (1991) [London, Nakładem autorów, 1976], Generałowie Polski niepodległej [Generals of Polish Independence], Warsaw: Editions Spotkania, OCLC 24935744 Lukowski, Grzegorz; Stolarski, Rafal E. (1994), Walka o Wilno : z dziejów samoobrony Litwy i Białorusi, 1918-1919 [Battle for Vilnius: History of Lithuanian and Belarus self-defense], Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza Audiutor, ISBN 83-900085-0-5 Łossowski, Piotr (1995), Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918-1920 [Polish–Lithuanian Conflict 1918-1920], Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, ISBN 83-05-12769-9 Marczyk, Wiesław (April 1987), "Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny", Generał broni Lucjan Żeligowski, no. 122, Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny, pp. 44–53 Sawczynski, Adam (1959), Polska w obronie swoich granic. Wojna z bolszewikami; w dziele zbiorowym Polska niepodlegla i druga wojna swiatowa (1918-1945), London: Orbis Sosnkowski, Kazimierz (1988) [London 1943], Rzepniewski, Andrzej (ed.), Cieniom września (I ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON, p.…Citește mai mult