Stefan

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Stefan

Stefan, secular name Stepan Rudyk (born 27 December 1891 in Majdan Lipowiecki, died 26 March 1969 in Warsaw) was the fourth Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland, the head of the Polish Orthodox Church from 1965 to 1969 of Ukrainian descent. He was a graduate of the seminary in Oryol. From 1922 to 1939, he served as the pastor of various Orthodox parishes designated for Polish soldiers of this denomination. After the September Campaign, he withdrew with the Polish forces to Romania and was interned there. In 1941, he became a chaplain of the prisoner-of-war camp in Dorsten. Thanks to the intervention of the International Red Cross, he was allowed to live in Berlin, and after two years, he arrived in occupied Łódź. In this city, he served in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral for ten years. In 1953, he was consecrated as the Bishop of Wrocław and Szczecin, a position he held for eight years. Then, from 1961 to 1965, he was the Bishop of Białystok and Gdańsk, after which the council of bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church elected him as its head. As the leader of the church, Metropolitan Stefan continued his efforts to convert the Greek Catholic…Citește mai mult

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Before World War II He was born in Majdan Lipowiecki in the Yavoriv Raion to a Ukrainian peasant family of Greek Catholic faith, the son of Piotr Rudyk and Anna Troper. His father was a Russophile and was interned by the Austrian authorities during World War I in the Thalerhof camp near Graz, where he died. In 1911, Stepan Rudyk graduated from high school in Lviv, after which he went to Russia, where he began his studies at the Orthodox Volhynian Theological Seminary in Zhytomyr. He then transferred to the seminary in Oryol, which he completed in 1915. He married Julianna Czornij. On 3 May 1915, he was ordained a priest by Bishop Dionysius Waledyński of Kremenets and was appointed vicar of the parish of St. Nicholas in Kremenets. In the same month, he also became the parson in Ponykovytsia in the Brody Raion, as one of the Orthodox missionaries of Bishop Eulogius of Chełm. After the evacuation of Russian troops in October 1915, he served as a priest among refugees in the Nowiny colony in the Novograd-Volynsky Uyezd. In August 1918, he was appointed parson in Moskalówka in the Proskurov uezd, from where he moved to Podzamcze in the…Citește mai mult

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World War II and post-war years After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, as a result of a bombing raid on a military hospital in Warsaw, his wife was killed. Father Rudyk withdrew with the Polish forces to Romania and was interned there. He stayed in the camps at Călimănești and Târgu Jiu. Then, in 1941, he was handed over to the Germans and transferred to Oflag VI E in Dorsten, Westphalia, as a chaplain. Thanks to the intervention of Father Rudyk's orphaned sons, supported by the International Red Cross, he was granted permission in February 1942 to leave the camp and was allowed to reside in Berlin as a vicar of the parish at the Resurrection of Christ Cathedral, belonging to the Diocese of Berlin and Germany of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. He could not return to Warsaw, to the territory of the General Government, as a former chaplain in the Polish Armed Forces. From 1943 to 1953, Father Rudyk lived in Łódź, where he served as the parson of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. In 1943, he saved the cathedral bells from confiscation by bricking them up in the church tower. These bells…Citește mai mult

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Bishop On 9 December 1952, Metropolitan Macarius Oksiyuk of Warsaw and all Poland presented three candidates for episcopal consecration and the assumption of the Wrocław and Szczecin cathedrals to the Synod of Bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church: Father Nikanor Niesłuchowski, Father Jan Lewiarz, and Archimandrite Stefan Rudyk. Among the presented proposals, the bishops chose Archimandrite Stefan. The consecration of Archimandrite Stefan took place on 22 March 1953, at the Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene in Warsaw. The consecration was performed by Metropolitan Makary of Warsaw and All Poland, Archbishop of Białystok and Gdańsk Timothy Szretter, and Bishop of Łódź and Poznań George Korenistov. Assessing the state of the diocese he was to lead in the same year, the bishop described the situation as difficult, primarily due to the lack of a sufficient number of clergy. In 1958, Bishop Stefan took the lead of the Missionary Committee established by the Polish Orthodox Church, aimed at converting the Ukrainian population of Greek Catholic faith to Orthodoxy. He also made special efforts to organize religious education for children and youth in individual parishes. According to Piotr Gerent, the scope of this mission should not be overestimated. There were no cases of forcing…Citește mai mult

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Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland On 26 May 1965, he was elected Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland. This choice came three years after the death of his predecessor, Metropolitan Timothy, at the Warsaw Cathedral. The fact that the Polish Orthodox Church had been without a leader for three years was due to the stance of the state authorities, who did not permit the consecration of a fourth hierarch, thus preventing the church from reaching the canonical number of bishops. Only in 1964 did the authorities allow the ordination of the fourth bishop – Father Mikołaj Niesłuchowski, who took the monastic name Nikanor. According to information from Rzeczpospolita, Archbishop Stefan's election as metropolitan was decided by the support of state authorities. They prevented Archbishop George Korenistov, who had been serving as locum tenens of the Warsaw metropolis from 1962 to 1965, from assuming leadership of the Polish Orthodox Church due to his anti-communist views. Stefan Rudyk was seen as the only acceptable candidate for the communists, as he had experience in church work and showed complete loyalty to the authorities. His election was positively received by the faithful of the Polish Orthodox Church. During his tenure, relations between the…Citește mai mult

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Bibliography Gerent, Piotr (2007). Prawosławie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945–1989 (in Polish). Toruń: Adam Marszałek. ISBN 978-83-7441-468-5. Dudra, Stefan (2007). Kościół Prawosławny na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski po II wojnie światowej (in Polish). Zielona Góra: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. ISBN 978-83-89712-37-0. Krzysztofiński, M.; Sychowicz, K. (2008). "W kręgu "Bizancjum"". Aparat Represji W Polsce Ludowej (1944–1989) (in Polish). 1. Brożyniak, A.; Ziobroń, R. (2009). "Prawosławie w Bieszczadach po II wojnie światowej". In Izdebski, J.; Kaczmarski, K.; Krzysztofiński, M. (eds.). Bieszczady w Polsce Ludowej 1944–1989 (in Polish). Rzeszów: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. ISBN 978-83-7629-111-6. Michalak, R. (2014). Polityka wyznaniowa państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości religijnych w latach 1945–1989 (in Polish). Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. ISBN 978-83-7431-046-8. Mironowicz, A. (2001). Kościół prawosławny na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku (in Polish). Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. ISBN 83-7431-046-4. Sawa (2008). Bogosłowie, istorija i żizn' Cerkwi (in Polish). Warsaw: Warszawska Metropolia Prawosławna. ISBN 978-83-60311-12-7.