Aleksandr Yakovlevich Orlov (Russian: Александр Яковлевич Орлов; 6 April 1880, Smolensk – 28 January 1954, Kyiv) was an astronomer and pioneer of geodynamics. Orlov studied at Saint Petersburg University, graduating with distinction in 1902. He subsequently developed his scientific background through study at the University of Paris, at the Lund University under Carl Charlier then at the University of Göttingen under with Emil Wiechert. In 1927, Orlov was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union; in 1934-38 he was a professor of astronomy at the P. K. Stern