Amfilohije Radović

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Amfilohije

Amfilohije (Serbian Cyrillic: Амфилохије; pronounced [amfilɔ̌xijɛ râːdɔv̞itɕ], English: Amphilochius; born Risto Radović, 7 January 1938 – 30 October 2020) was a bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, theologian, university professor, author and translator. He was first the Bishop of Banat between 1985 and 1990, and then the Metropolitan Bishop of Montenegro and the Littoral from 1990, until his death. As the metropolitan bishop, he was the primate of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. He was one of the most influential leaders of the Serbian Church, and was among the three candidates for the Serbian patriarchate both in 1990 and 2010. Amfilohije's honorary and liturgical title was: His Grace, Archbishop of Cetinje, Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, of Zeta, Brda (the Highlands) and the Skenderija, and the Exarch of the Holy Throne of Peć. More than 569 churches and monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro were built or reconstructed during his reign. A noted theologian and author, his bibliography consists of more than 1,000 items and his selected works were published in 36 volumes. Amfilohije was described as one of the most powerful people in Montenegro, as well as one of the most influential individuals within the…Citește mai mult

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Early life, education and personal life Amfilohije was born as Risto Radović (Cyrillic: Ристо Радовић) in Bare Radovića in Lower Morača, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Montenegro). He was a descendant of voivode Mina Radović who participated in the unification of the Morača tribe with the Principality of Montenegro in 1820. He studied at St. Sava's Seminary and graduated from the Faculty of Theology in 1962 in Belgrade, which at the time was a part of the SFR Yugoslavia. During his time as a seminarian in the late 1950s, he knew Justin Popović, a SOC cleric and admired the uncompromising position he held toward modern civilisation. He also studied classical philology in Belgrade. In Paris, Amfilohije studied at the Russian St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute, in Rome at the Pontifical Oriental Institute and in Bern at the Old Catholic Faculty. He completed his postgraduate studies in Bern and Rome, and then moved to Greece where he lived for seven years, took monastic vows (and monastic name Amfilohije, eng. Amphilochius) and worked as a hieromonk of the Greek Orthodox Church. In Athens, he completed his doctoral thesis on Saint Gregory Palamas and earned a doctor of theology degree. After spending one year…Citește mai mult

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Bishop of Banat (1980s) Named Bishop of Banat in the 1980s, he held the title until the end of 1990. During the late 1980s, Amfilohije was one along of Serbian intellectuals at time involved in anti-Catholic speeches and accused the Roman Catholic Church and Croatians of endangering Serbs within Croatia. In 1990, Amfilohije became a candidate for Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC). A week before political elections in Serbia, on 6 December 1990, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević attempted to get control of the SOC through supporting his preferred candidates such as Amfilohije for patriarch. Amfilohije did not succeed in getting many votes and as such did not make the final shortlist of candidates for the role. A few days later the elderly Danilo Dajković retired and in December 1990 Amfilohije was elected to succeed him as Metropolitan of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, a position he held until his death. Guests that were present at his inauguration ceremony were Matija Bećković, Novak Kilibarda and Radovan Karadžić. The arrival of Amfilohije to his new role was greeted by numerous people that ranged from high ranking politicians to Serbian nationalists in Montenegro. At Cetinje in December 1990 public…Citește mai mult

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Late 1990s and early 2000s Due to his opposition toward Milošević, Amfilohije for a short time found common ground with Milo Đukanović when in 1997 the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) became divided into pro- and anti-Milošević groups. Amfilohije gave blessings to Đukanović when he became Montenegrin president in January 1998. Over time, as Đukanović advocated for an independent Montenegro, a rift emerged in their relationship and Amfilohije became a strong critic of the Montenegrin president. Attempts to alleviate ecclesiastical tensions resulted in Đukanović and Prime Minister Igor Lukšić asking Amfilohije to become part of the MOC, a move that is unachievable as the MOC lacks recognition and is considered heretical by other Orthodox churches. In the late 1990s, Amfilohije, as head of the Montenegrin metropolitanate, was in charge of 160 clergy such as priests, monks and nuns that provided religious service to more than 90% of parishes and monasteries within Montenegro. In the mid-2000s, Amfilohije commented and made critical statements regarding the integration of Serbia into the European Union. Amfilohije opposed dialogue and was anti-ecumenical in relation to the Catholic Church. In the late 20th century, Amfilohije gave support to nationalists and radical anti-Westerners and in the…Citește mai mult

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Controversial religion law and protests (2019–2020) As of late December 2019, the newly proclaimed Law on Religious Communities in Montenegro, which de jure transfers the ownership of church buildings and estates from the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro to the Montenegrin state, sparked a series of large protests followed with road blockages. Some church officials were attacked by the police (including Bishop Metodije, Amfilohije's deputy) and a number of journalists, opposition activists and protesting citizens were arrested. On 29 December 2019, the Episcopal Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro excommunicated President of Montenegro Milo Đukanović and Government coalition MPs and officials for passing the religious law. Prayer walks continued into August 2020 as peaceful protest prayer walks, mostly organised by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral and led by Metropolitan Amfilohije in a number of Montenegrin municipalities. As time went on a considerable percentage of Montenegro's population took to streets opposing the law. During February peaceful public gatherings reached over 50 or even 60,000 attendees in Podgorica alone and they are increasingly described as the most massive public gatherings in the history of Montenegro. During peaceful protests in early 2020, more cases of police abuse of office…Citește mai mult

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Death and legacy On 7 October 2020, Amfilohije tested positive for COVID-19 during its pandemic in Montenegro. He appeared to recover initially, and, on 20 October, tested negative for COVID-19. However, the situation worsened sharply on 29 October, when he developed shortness of breath. The head of the Pulmonology Clinic of the Clinical Center, Jelena Borovinić, stated on 29 October that the health condition of Metropolitan Amfilohije was difficult and that he was "placed in the mode of invasive ventilation". She explained that the deterioration of Amfilohije's health condition occurred after pneumonia developed, due to complications caused by COVID-19. He died on 30 October 2020 in Podgorica, Montenegro, at the age of 82. Serbian Ambassador to Montenegro Vladimir Božović confirmed the media rumors that the Serbian government offered to transfer Amfilohije to Serbia for treatment, while the Metropolitan was treated at the local hospital in Cetinje, the Metropolitan thanked him and said he wanted to stay in Montenegro and share the fate of all other Montenegrin people. Metropolitan Amfilohije was, at his own request, buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ in Podgorica in a resting place prepared for his lifespan. Amfilohije has begifted his…Citește mai mult

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Public opinion Amfilohije as a metropolitan understood Montenegrin sentiments and the social currents of Montenegro. He was a controversial figure that was respected by his clergy and disliked by some critics. Due to his status as a public figure, polarised public opinion over Amfilohije was either positive or negative. Among Montenegrin Serbs, Amfilohije was a popular figure and in polls conducted during 2003-2004 he ranked as one of the top trusted people in public life of Montenegro. As a divisive figure Amfilohije was portrayed by Montenegrin pro independence parties, some intellectuals and the MOC as a "war criminal" and "fundamentalist" causing conflict among fellow citizens. A cottage industry arose around criticising Amfilohije in the 1990s. The MOC has engaged in a public relations campaign aimed at what they considered to be the negative aspect of Amfilohije's character. Those efforts have included the MOC publishing a book by Vešeljko Koprivica about Amfilohije called Amfilohijeva sabrana ne djela (Misdeeds of Amfilohije) that attempts to portray the metropolitan as a Serb nationalist that stirred conflict during the breakup of Yugoslavia and its wars. The role of Amfilohije in the political and social life of Montenegro has been denounced as a supporter of "militant…Citește mai mult

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Selected orders and medals Commemorative Medal of Bartholomew I of Constantinople, 1991 Medal of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem commemorating 2000 years of Christianity, 2000 Order of Lomonsov, The national committee of state awards of the Russian Federation, 2001 Medal of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem commemorating 1500 years of Mar Saba, 2002 Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, I Degree, Russian Academy of Military Science, 2003 Order of the St. Cyril of Turov, Belarusian Orthodox Church, 2008 Order of Saint Prince Vladimir, Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 2012 Order of The Holy Great Martyr George, Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić, 2013 Order of King Peter of the Society for Nurturing the Traditions of the Liberation Wars of Serbia until 1918, 2014 Medal of Orthodox Spiritual Academy of St. Petersburg of Saint John the Apostle, 2015 Order of the Montenegrin Grand Star, the state's highest order, posthumous, 2025

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Moscow Theological Academy, 2006 The Institute of Theology at the Belarusian State University in Minsk, 2008 St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris, 2012

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Selected works Amfilohije's bibliography consists of more than 1000 units and his selected works have been published in 36 volumes. Together with bishop Atanasije Jevtić, Amfilohije translated the Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament to Serbian.

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Sources Buchenau, Klaus (2014). "The Serbian Orthodox Church". In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.). Eastern Christianity and politics in the twenty-first century. Routledge. ISBN 9781317818656. Šístek, František (15 September 2011). "Clericalization of Nationalism. Interpreting the Religious Rivalry between Serbian and Montenegrin Orthodox Churches, 1989–2009". Spaces and Borders. pp. 117–130. doi:10.1515/9783110228144.117. ISBN 978-3-11-022813-7. Stamatović, Aleksandar (1999). "Mitropolit Amfilohije Radović i naše vrijeme". Kratka istorija Mitropolije Crnogorsko-primorske (1219-1999) (in Serbian). Rastko.