Alois Rašín

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Alois

Alois Rašín (18 October 1867 – 18 February 1923) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician, economist, one of the founders of Czechoslovakia and first Ministry for Finance. He was the author of the first law of Czechoslovakia and creator of the country's currency, the Czechoslovak koruna. Rašín was a representative of conservative liberalism and was mortally wounded in assassination for being viewed as a head of the nation's capitalism.

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Student radical movement In 1888, Rašín returned to Prague to properly continue his studies. There he was actively participating in the student movement and three years later he participated at the Conference of Slavonic students with Antonín Hajn and Václav Klofáč. The Czech youth's opinions defied against the Austrian monarchy, police and the conservative Old Czech Party. Their most powerful instrument was the Magazine of Czech Students (Czech: Časopis českého studentstva), where they propagated the adoption of universal voting rights and greater national rights for Czech people. Rašín was supporting the National Freedom Party which is another name for the Young Czech Party that got into the Bohemian Diet and in 1891 into the Imperial Council. In October 1891, he graduated from his law studies at Charles University and continued in his political activity. In the day of the Emperor's Franz Joseph I of Austria arrival to Prague, Rašín published an anti-state legal-political text Czech State Law (Czech: České státní právo) in which he outlined the program of restoring the independent Czech state in the spirit of the democracy with the guarantees for the rights of the minorities. He joined service in the military in Hungarian Pest (where he was…Citește mai mult

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Independent Czechoslovakia In July 1918, the National Committee of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Národní výbor československý) was formed to overtake the power in the country and to create new laws. Karel Kramář was Chairman, Antonín Švehla Vice-Chairman, František Soukup Managing Director and Alois Rašín Member of the Board. In the night from 27th to 28th, Vlastimil Tusar called Rašín from Vienna and said that Czech politics needs to go to the front and support fighters in endurance and not leaving. He knew that this is a sign of surrender. Rašín said: "I was convinced that it will burst tomorrow." In the morning, Rašín met Švehla and others from the National Assembly. After they received Andrássyho nóta (recognition of nations to self-determination), they decided to take the power before surrender. Today, Alois Rašín is remembered as one of the Men of the 28th October (with Antonín Švehla, Jiří Stříbrný, Vavro Šrobár, František Soukup), who together declared an independent Czechoslovak state. Rašín was the first one who publicly announced the state in the place of National Assembly, he also was the author of the first law which established an independent state. In November 1918, the Revolutionary National Assembly was formed. On the first meeting,…Citește mai mult

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Relations Rašín married Karla Janská from Prague's Smíchov in 1899. His wife's brother Jan Janský was the discoverer of blood groups. Alois Rašín had three children with his wife Karla: Ladislav (1900), Miroslav (1901) and Ludmila (1904). His son Ladislav continued in his father's footsteps as a politician. He was part of the resistance against the Nazis. Gestapo arrested him in 1939. He died in a prison in Nazi Germany a few days before the American troops came.

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Resistance during the First World War After the start of the Great War, Rašín sided with the anti-monarchy voices in the country but realized that parliament parties do not matter anymore. Přemysl Šámal together with Edvard Beneš, Karel Kramář, Václav Klofáč, Alois Rašín and later Antonín Švehla created a resistance group Maffia, inspired by Sicilian Mafia. They created the so-called National Council (Czech: Národní rada) that financed foreign resistance led by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. The consequences got to them in July 1916 when Rašín was arrested, taken into custody in Vienna and charged for treason and espionage. The process with Alois Rašín, Karel Kramář, journalist and translator Vincenc Červinka, and accountant of the malt house Zdeněk Zamazal lasted from December 1915 to July 1916 with the result of the death penalty. Later in the same year, Emperor Franz Joseph I and after him, Charles I died, and punishments were changed to 10 years in Austrian Möllersdorf. Alois Rašín shared a cell with Karel Kramář. During the time in the prison, Rašín wrote text National Economy (Czech: Národní hospodářství), which was published later in 1921. His Imperial Council Member's mandate was taken away from him in June 1917. Next month, the…Citește mai mult

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Early years Rašín was born on 18 October 1867 as a ninth child (of which seven were alive) into the cottage in the outskirts of a small town Nechanice near Hradec Králové. His father František Rašín was a farmer, baker and a vendor of flour and cereals. His mother worked in their household and on the field. The family later bought a house in the town and another field. Later in life, Rašín described poor social reality in the area that was focused on the sugar industry. He also criticized the so-called "harfenictví": traveling musician groups connected to prostitution that expanded after the cancellation of the corvee. From 1878 to 1881, Rašín attended a gymnasium in Nový Bydžov and he spent the fourth year of the gymnasium in a German gymnasium in Broumov. He finished the last years of high school in the gymnasium of Hradec Králové and graduated there in 1886. In these years he became interested in politics into which he was guided by his father who in 1887 became the mayor of Nechanice. He was fourth of his brothers who started to study at university. The other two brothers pursued a job in the trade sector. Firstly,…Citește mai mult

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Characteristics According to Ferdinand Peroutka, Alois Rašín was a thrifty man and as the Minister of Finance was very cautious every time someone demanded some portion of the governmental budget. He was a workaholic and demanded the same from those around him. He also had an uncompromising and hot-headed nature. At a time when the Germans demanded greater autonomy he stuck out his tongue and called them monkeys. Rašín lived ascetic life avoiding any dance or sport. Alois Rašín was also member of freemason Lodge in Prague.

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Publications České státní právo, Ed.: Časopis českého studenstva, Prague 1891 (this brochure was forbidden) Můj finanční plán, Pražská akciová tiskárna, Prague 1920 Listy z vězení, Prague 1937 Mé vzpomínky z mládí, Prague 1928 Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the First Year of its History, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1923 (online at Archive.org) Finanční a hospodářská politika do konce roku 1921, Pražská akciová tiskárna, Prague 1922 Národní hospodářství, Český čtenář, Prague 1922 Die Finanz- und Wirtschaftspolitik der Tschechoslowakei, Duncker & Humblot, Munich/Leipzig 1923

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Alois Rašín – Dramatický život českého politika by Čechurová Jana, Prague 1997 Alois Rašín – Jeho život, dílo a doba by Hoch Karel, Prague 1934 Říjen 1918 by Klimek Antonín, Prague 1998 Paměti dr. Aloise Rašína (editor Ladislav Rašín), Brno 1994 Dr. Alois Rašín – Úvahy a vzpomínky by Penížek Josef, Prague 1926 Rašínův památník (editors F. Fousek, J. Penížek, A. Pimper), Prague 1927 Alois Rašín by Vencovský František, Prague 1992

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In his last days of politics, Rašín got into conflict with his colleagues about deflationary measures. President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was planning to remove Alois Rašín from office. In the morning of 5 January 1923, Alois Rašín came out of his apartment in Žitná street house number 8 and was shot in the back and side when trying to get in the ministry car. He died after a long period of suffering on 18 February 1923. The assassin was young anarcho-communist Josef Šoupal who confessed and told that he was planning to kill other representatives of Czechoslovak capitalism Jaroslav Preiss and Karel Kramář. A 6.35mm Browning-design pistol was used in the assassination. Because he was younger than 21 years, he was not sentenced to death but imprisoned for 18 years in Kartouz. The assassination was condemned by the president and many anti-socialist laws were introduced.

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Political activity after the amnesty Rašín left prison after the amnesty in November 1895 and regain his academic titles. He returned to writing his critical anti-monarchic articles to Radical Newspaper, newly with a critique of Masaryk's views. The Czech Progressive Movement divided to radically progressive around the journal Independence (Czech: Samostatnost) and Antonín Hajn and to nationally progressive and statutory around Radical Newspaper which Rašín turned into a journal. In 1899, he was partially involved in the creation of a Radical Statutory Party officially named Czech Statutory Party (Czech: Česká státoprávní strana) but left it year after when his son was born. He founded independent weekly newspaper Word (Czech: Slovo) and created his own Law Office. As an advocate, Alois Rašín represented Živnobanka bank. The weekly paper ended 1905 and together with the banker of Živnobanka Jan Preiss, Rašín entered in 1907 into the Young Czech Party, the second biggest burgheral party after agrarian. He was propagating universal suffrage and was trying to reform the party. Rašín was the first in Czech lands who introduced member legitimations, regional branch offices, paid regional secretary and party cash register with regular contributions. He sided with Karel Kramář and František Fiedler and founded…Citește mai mult