Cornelius Lanczos

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R.I.P
Cornelius

Cornelius (Cornel) Lanczos (Hungarian: Lánczos Kornél, pronounced [ˈlaːnt͡soʃ ˈkorneːl]; born as Kornél Lőwy, until 1906: Löwy (Lőwy) Kornél; February 2, 1893 – June 25, 1974) was a Hungarian, American, and later Irish mathematician and physicist. According to György Marx he was one of the Martians, a group of Hungarian scientific luminaries who immigrated to the United States to escape national socialism. He was remembered by his colleagues as an innovative scholar and an excellent educator.

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Career As a consequence of the restrictions from the new right-wing regime in Hungary, Lanczos moved to Germany in search of employment. From 1921 to 1924, Lanczos served as a lecturer at the University of Freiburg. In 1924 he discovered an exact solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity representing a cylindrically symmetric rigidly rotating configuration of dust particles. This was later rediscovered by Willem Jacob van Stockum in 1938. It is one of the simplest known exact solutions in general relativity and is regarded as an important example, in part because it exhibits closed timelike curves. Lanczos worked at the University of Frankfurt from 1924 to 1931, delivering lectures for Erwin Madelung as a Privatdozent. He also briefly served as assistant to Albert Einstein in Berlin during the academic year 1928–29,upon invitation by the latter. It was Leo Szilard who recommended him to Einstein. Einstein wrote to Madelung, requesting a leave of absence for Lanczos, which was granted. Before leaving for Berlin, Lanczos wrote to Einstein that Hans Bethe was being considered as his temporary replacement. By the time he went to work with Einstein, Lanczos had already written multiple papers on relativity. In Berlin, Lanczos examined…Citește mai mult

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Books The Variational Principles of Mechanics (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1970. ISBN 0-486-65067-7. Dedicated to Albert Einstein. This is a graduate text on mechanics. He published it shortly after moving to Los Angeles. In the preface of the first edition (1949) it is described as a two-semester graduate course of three hours weekly. The second edition (1962) contains a new chapter on relativistic mechanics and the third (1966) has an appendix on Noether's theorem for cyclic coordinates. In the fourth edition (1970), Lanczos discusses at length continuum mechanics and makes further use of Noether's theorem. Applied Analysis. Prentice Hall. 1956. Reprinted 2010 by Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-65656-4. An exposition of his investigations of ideas in the boundary between classical and numerical analysis illustrated by worked examples, topics covered include large scale linear systems, harmonic analysis, data analysis, numerical quadrature and power series expansions. The chapter on numerical quadrature was inspired by a number of problems posed by Schrödinger. Linear Differential Operators. Van Nostrand. 1961. OCLC 1213191. Albert Einstein and the Cosmic World Order. Interscience Publishers. 1965. OCLC 530604. Based on six lectures delivered at the University of Michigan in the spring of 1962. Discourse on Fourier Series. Edinburgh:…Citește mai mult

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During the McCarthy era, Lanczos came under suspicion for possible communist links. In 1955, he accepted an invitation from Éamon de Valera, then the Prime Minister of Ireland, and moved to the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, where his colleagues included Schrödinger and John Lighton Synge. Shortly after arriving he gave lectures on numerical methods, such as a new approximation for the gamma function he developed. He remained there until his death in 1974. He wrote many scientific papers and books during this period; he also became interested in some newly developed ideas in mathematical physics, notably Schwartz distributions and Sobolev spaces. Despite being a victim of Joseph McCarthy, Lanczos still referred to the United States as his "dream land" on conversations with those he knew.In 1960, he won the Chauvenet Prize from the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) for a paper explaining how to decompose an arbitrary rectangular matrix into three, the middle of which is diagonal and the other two orthogonal. This technique is now recognized as singular value decomposition, of use in computer science and computational mathematics. Lanczos resampling is based on a windowed sinc function as a practical upsampling filter…Citește mai mult

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Articles Lanczos, Kornel (1924). "Über eine stationäre Kosmologie im Sinne der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 21 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 73–110. Bibcode:1924ZPhy...21...73L. doi:10.1007/bf01328251. ISSN 1434-6001. S2CID 122902359. Translated reprint Lanczos, K. (Kornel) (1997). "On a Stationary Cosmology in the Sense of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation". General Relativity and Gravitation. 29 (3): 363–399. doi:10.1023/A:1010277120072. Lanczos, Kornel (October 1950). "An iteration method for the solution of the eigenvalue problem of linear differential and integral operators" (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 45 (4). Los Angeles: 255. doi:10.6028/jres.045.026. Research Paper 2133. September 1949.

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External links O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Cornelius Lanczos", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Cornelius Lanczos at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Cornelius Lanczos, Collected published papers with commentaries, published by North Carolina State University Photo gallery of Lanczos by Nicholas Higham Series of historic video tapes produced in 1972, digitalized on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of Cornelius Lanczos's birth Brendan Scaife (1974). Studies in Numerical Analysis: Papers in Honour of Cornelius Lanczos. Dublin; London; New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-621150-7.

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Early life and education He was born in Fehérvár (Alba Regia), Fejér County, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary to Károly Lőwy and Adél Hahn. He grew up in relative comfort and attended a Catholic Gymnasium (high school). Between 1911 and 1916, he studied at the University of Budapest, where one of his professors in physics was Roland Eötvös, whose skills as an experimental physicist impressed him. In mathematics, his notable teacher was Lipót Fejér, then a young mathematician. Lanczos graduated with a teacher's diploma in mathematics and physics. He worked an assistant of Károly Tangl at the Department of Experimental Physics at the Polytechnical University of Budapest from 1916 to 1921. In his doctoral dissertation titled The Relation of Maxwell's Aether Equations to Functional Theory, Lanczos re-wrote Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism in terms of quaternions and applied a relativistic variational principle. He sent a copy of his thesis to Albert Einstein, who replied, "I studied your paper as far as my present overload allowed. I believe I may say this much: this does involve competent and original brainwork, on the basis of which a doctorate should be obtainable... I gladly accept the honorable dedication." Lanczos maintained his contact with Einstein for…Citește mai mult