Yella Hertzka

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Exile and later life (1938–1948) Aware that a woman's nationality was tied to that of her husband, Hertzka decided to marry her cousin, Edgar Taussig, to gain his Czechoslovak nationality. As a Czech, she would be able to emigrate to England and travel freely. With help from her friend Hofer, in December 1938 Hertzka and Taussig married and she immigrated shortly afterwards. Hofer followed Hertzka to England, but was expelled because she was a German citizen. For the first six months, Hertzka lived in London at Wyldes Farm with friends, Ethel and Raymond Unwin, while trying to obtain a work permit. Having secured a permit to work as a domestic servant, she worked as a horticultural architect and a gardener. At various times, she supervised the gardening department for a tubercular sanatorium. The work required her to move frequently, and over a five-year period, she moved twenty-five times. Her idealized middle-class ideas of gardening as a profession vanished during her exile, but she chose to continue the arduous work to maintain her independence. Often without food, warm blankets, and intellectual stimulation, Hertzka relied on her WILPF network to supply her with basic necessities and literature. Around 1944, she moved in…Citește mai mult

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Hertzka died in Vienna on 13 November 1948, without recovering her nationality. Three years after her death, Universal Edition was able to re-establish the business. When she died, she was recognized as one of the leading women's rights activists in Austria and in the international women's movement. An obituary in Austrian Information stated that her death would have a noticeable impact on the music industry of Vienna. Per scholar Corinna Oesch, despite Hertzka's prominence, she fell into obscurity, only partly because many of the records by and about her had been destroyed during the Nazi takeover and all of the institutions she created had been Aryanized. The remains of her personal estate in the archives of Universal Edition were likely sent to Hofer in the 1960s, per a letter in the archives, and are presumed lost, as Hofer destroyed her own correspondence and records prior to her death. Oesch also observed that an overall lack of interest in women's history, and indifference from academics in studying women's contributions, also contributed to her erasure, as did the fact that many records pertaining to her life are "scattered in archives around the globe". In the twenty-first century, scholars like Elisabeth Malleier began…Citește mai mult

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Further reading Oesch, Corinna (2014). Yella Hertzka (1873–1948) Vernetzungen und Handlungsräume in der österreichischen und internationalen Frauenbewegung [Yella Hertzka (1873–1948) Networks and Scope of Action in the Austrian and International Women's Movement] (in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Studien Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7065-5344-5.

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In 1908 and 1909, Hertzka attended the Rheinische Obst- und Gartenbauschule für Frauen (Rhineland Fruit and Horticultural School for Women) in Bad Godesberg near Bonn, Germany, and completed advanced training in horticulture. She returned to Austria determined to establish a Höhere Gartenbauschule für Frauen (Higher Horticultural School for Women), but it would be several years before she did so. Hertzka often hosted garden parties, attended by many internationally known composers such as Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Ernst Krenek, Gustav Mahler, Darius Milhaud, and Arnold Schoenberg. To foster their work, she called on Josef Hoffmann to design an artists' colony in Kaasgraben, near her home in Grinzing. She helped Hoffmann plan the colony and financed the undertaking. The colony had four duplex units, a relatively recent housing innovation in Vienna at the time. Completed in 1912, the Villenkolonie Kaasgraben (Kaasgraben Villa Colony) attracted many artists and intellectuals as residents, including the secretary general of the Vienna Concert Hall, Hugo Botstiber; economist Adolf Drucker; composer Egon Wellesz and his wife, art historian Emmy; and Hans Vetter, an architect and co-founder of the Austrian Work Association.

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Lyceum and artist colony Hertzka and Salka Goldman co-founded the Cottage Girls' Lyceum in the Cottage Quarter of Döbling, in 1903. The school moved several times in the early years of its operation. In 1904, it was located on Prinz Eugen Straße and moved again in 1905 to Gymnasium Straße. Donating the buildings for the school, Hertzka also did various administrative tasks. The school was designed to give girls the opportunity to attain secondary schooling and gain professional training. In the early years of its operation, however, completing the courses and passing the final examination only allowed graduates to participate in the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Vienna as extraordinary students. During the 1913–1914 term, Goldman adopted the advanced courses required for the reform-realgymnasium examination, which qualified graduates for standard university admission. Around this time, as their pro-German nationalist leanings surfaced, Hertzka distanced herself from both Goldman and Schirmacher, with whom she had maintained a correspondence for over a decade.

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Yella

Yella Hertzka (née Fuchs; 4 February 1873 – 13 November 1948) was an Austrian women's rights and peace activist, school director, and music business executive. She began working in women's humanitarian and social improvement projects in 1900. Co-founding the Neuer Wiener Frauenklub (New Vienna Women's Club) in 1903, she served as its president from 1909 to 1933. From 1904 she participated in the international women's rights movements, supporting women's suffrage and pacifism. In 1919, she attended the Zürich congress of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). She was a co-founder of the Austrian section of the WILPF, organized its 1921 Vienna Congress, and attended every international WILPF congress held between 1919 and 1948. She worked to free prisoners of war after World War I and during World War II helped those wanting to emigrate or oppose the draft. In 1903, Hertzka co-founded Cottage Girls' Lyceum with Salka Goldman to facilitate women's qualifying for university entrance or professional training. After completing training in English and advanced horticulture abroad, she returned home in 1909 and established the Villenkolonie Kaasgraben (Kaasgraben Villa Colony), an innovative housing project for intellectuals and artists. In 1913, she co-founded the first school in Austria-Hungary…Citește mai mult

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Early life and education Yella Fuchs was born on 4 February 1873 in Vienna, Austria Hungary, to Agnes (née Tedesco) and Ferdinand Fuchs. The youngest of seven siblings, she grew up in a liberal, upper-class Jewish family. Her father was a businessman, and Agnes, his second wife, was the mother of five of their children. On 20 May 1897, at the Stadttempel in Vienna, she married Emil Hertzka, who was a music publisher and originally from Budapest. While he was building his career, from around 1900 Hertzka was involved in women's humanitarian and social improvement projects in Austria, becoming a member of the Frauenvereinigung für soziale Hilfstätigkeit (Women's Association for Social Welfare). She also co-founded and joined the Wiener Frauenklub (Vienna Women's Club, 1900–1902), and participated in the Wiener Kleidersammelstelle (Viennese Clothing Collection Point), an initiative which allowed the poor to acquire clean, used clothing. On a visit to England in 1903, she took a course in English at Oxford University, offered to foreign women.

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Suffrage and civil rights In 1903, Hertzka became one of the twelve co-founders of the Neuer Wiener Frauenklub (New Vienna Women's Club), which was originally founded as an apolitical salon and literary association for women. Initially the president was Helene Forsmann, succeeded by Dora von Stockert-Meynert. Hertzka became involved in the international women's rights movements in 1904 and attended the Berlin Congress of the International Council of Women, where she established friendships with several prominent feminists, including Käthe Schirmacher and Helene Stöcker. From 1905, the club focused on attaining women's suffrage and campaigned against laws prohibiting women from political participation. Hertzka became president of the Neuer Wiener Frauenklub in 1909 and remained in the position until 1933. She participated in the Vienna Voting Rights Conference of 1913 and led the Commission for Horticulture and Small Animal Breeding of the Federation of Austrian Women's Associations, until the commission dissolved in 1918. A committed pacifist, when war was declared in 1914, Hertzka and the Neuer Wiener Frauenklub formally opposed the conflict. The club sent a delegate, Francis Wolf Girian, to the Hague Congress held in 1915.

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Pacifism Because the International Women Suffrage Alliance conference to be held in Berlin had been cancelled, a committee of Dutch women, led by Aletta Jacobs, proposed that the Netherlands, as a neutral country, could host a meeting to allow women to maintain their solidarity. From this congress, the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, which would become the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), was formed. The Austrian members of the committee, Leopoldine Kulka and Olga Misař, were chosen. When the war ended, Hertzka attended the 1919 WILPF convention in Zürich, along with Kulka and Elsa Beer-Angerer. There, she persuaded the WILPF members to hold the next biennial convention in Vienna. Returning home, she and Kulka founded the Austrian WILPF chapter in 1920. The following year when Kulka died, Hertzka became president of the Austrian section of the WILPF. She was the primary coordinator and organizer for the third WILPF congress in Vienna, working with Emily Greene Balch, international organization's Secretary-Treasurer. Shortly after the event, the Austrian WILPF branch split along ideological grounds. Those who felt nationalist goals were more important than international objectives and absolute pacifism left the organization. Hertzka attended all of the WILPF congresses…Citește mai mult

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In 1913, Hertzka founded the first secondary horticultural school for girls in Austria-Hungary, also located in Kaasgraben, part of Grinzing in the Döbling district. She served as director of the school until 1938. The school offered training in horticulture and landscape architecture, opening the fields to women/ It also gave general business and law courses, requiring students to grow and market their produce. Besides practical work in the garden and greenhouse, students attended lectures on botany, drawing, geology, landscaping, growing flowers and vegetables, and soil science. The program was accredited by the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture and diplomas were issued to students who successfully completed an examination. When war broke out the year after her school had opened, Hertzka offered the gardens of the school to other secondary schools and helped train them to operate community gardens throughout Vienna to combat food shortages and malnutrition for the duration of the conflict. The school offered the rare opportunity for women to achieve economic independence with training in horticulture and gardening or landscape architecture in Austria-Hungary in the early decades of the twentieth century. Until 1921, it was closely affiliated with an adjacent home economics school run by Marie Wettstein, a colleague…Citește mai mult

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In 1920, the alumni of the Higher Horticultural School for Women founded the networking organization Verein der Grinzinger Gärtnerinnen (Association of Grinzing Women Gardeners) to help each other secure employment, share professional and training information, and promote women gardeners. From 1926, the alumni association was open to woman gardeners throughout Austria, regardless of where they had trained. Although Hertzka was not a Zionist, many of her students were young women preparing to move and work in Palestine. Among them were Irene (née Pick) Aloni, Grete Blumenkranz, Elisabeth Boyko, Hanka Huppert-Kurz, Grete Salzer, Michal Selzer (formerly known as Felicia Sonnenschein), Gerti (née Brechner) Stern, and Lily Venezianer. Beginning in the early 1930s, Hertzka opened her home to refugees fleeing pogroms in other parts of Europe. As a member of the organization Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (Jewish Community of Vienna), when Germany annexed Austria, she organized training courses at her school for Jews wishing to emigrate and provided secret refuge while they made arrangements to escape the country. Activist friends, such as Balch and Helene Scheu-Riesz, found potential employment positions and were willing to assist her in relocating to the United States. Hilda Clark made a similar proposal to help Hertzka arrange limited…Citește mai mult

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Business development and music publisher (1920–1938) In the 1920s, Hertzka joined the Österreichische Gesellschaft zur Förderung der geistigen und wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen mit der UdSSR (Austrian Society for the Promotion of Intellectual and Economic Relations with the USSR). The association was aimed at cultural exchange and development of trade relations. Hertzka saw participation as a means to improve business and cultural relationships in favor of Universal Edition, but also as a means to forward women's equality and peace. In 1931, she organized the Paris Economic Conference to address worldwide issues during the Great Depression. Hertzka stressed the importance of unifying the European economy, which was adopted as one of the recommendations of the congress. Emil, Hertka's husband, was hired by Universal Edition in 1901 and promoted to management in 1907. Under his administration, he transitioned the publishing house away from classical and traditional music and toward avant-garde and contemporary music. When he died in 1932, Hertzka took his place on the firm's board. She was the head of the business, which had become one of the most influential music publishers in Austria. During her tenure, she continued his work in promoting new talent, such as Gottfried von Einem, Arnold Schoenberg, and…Citește mai mult