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Wincenty Lutosławski (6 June 1863 – 28 December 1954) was a Polish philosopher, author, and member of the Polish National League. He advocated a metaphysical system influenced by Leibniz and Plato and authored the first Polish yoga reference book.
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Wincenty Lutosławski (6 June 1863 – 28 December 1954) was a Polish philosopher, author, and member of the Polish National League. He advocated a metaphysical system influenced by Leibniz and Plato and authored the first Polish yoga reference book.
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Early life Wincenty was the eldest son of Franciszek Dionizy Lutosławski, a landowner from Drozdowo and Maria Lutosławska, née Szczygielska. He was half-brother to Józef Lutosławski, who was the father of composer Witold Lutosławski. In his youth he was home schooled. In 1880, after suffering a breakdown, he became an atheist and materialist. A year later he graduated from secondary school in Mitawa and commenced his studies at the Riga Polytechnic, where he lasted only for three semesters. He was unable to complete his studies due to poor health as well as the internal conflict within Arkonia fraternity. In 1884 he enrolled at the Imperial University of Dorpat to study chemistry and philosophy – he was taught among others by the philosopher – Gustav Teichmüller. In April 1885 he experienced a breakthrough – one he himself described as the "discovery of the Self”. While reading Symposium by Plato, he had a mystical revelation – he discovered the existence and immortality of his own soul. In turn he “converted” to Platonism, which from then on stayed with him all his life. The event influenced his beliefs on the pre-existence of soul and palingenesis, which he proclaimed as a part of his…
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World War I Between 1912 and 1916 Lutosławski lived in Switzerland, where in Chateau Barby he founded Kuźnica (eng. Forge), a place where Poles could seek shelter and education. During this period, he also taught at the University of Geneva. After the First World War outbreak, Lutosławski wanted to join Polish Legions, but Balicki successfully dissuaded him from the idea. Between 1916 and 1919 he lived in Paris and patriotically motivated, he closely collaborated with Polish organisations – he wrote pamphlets and press articles on the case of Polish independence – for English, French, American and Polish newspapers.
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Interbellum After the First World War, Lutosławski got himself involved in the works of the Polish Congress Bureau in Versailles – the Polish expert committee that prepared the materials for Polish politicians. He was highly regarded there, particularly thanks to his fluent knowledge of English and he worked especially closely with Eugeniusz Romer, an ethnographer. His duties included publishing brochures in English on the borders of Poland – he supported the return to the pre-partition borders as well as the incorporation of Masuria and Gdańsk to Poland. He opposed the border plebiscites and fought against bolshevik ideology, by publishing about it. He declared his negative opinions on the treaties that extended the appreciation for ethnic minorities in Poland. On his return from Paris, on 25 August 1919, Lutosławski managed to secure the post of associate professor at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, where he went on to teach logic, psychology, ethics and metaphysics. A year later, he became a professor at this university. It was at this university where he had his first „disciple” – Benedykt Woyczyński. In 1925 Woyczyński wrote his doctorate on the subject of soul in the works of Plato. Even prior to his doctorate, as a…
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World War II During the Second World War Lutosławski barely left his apartment, thus avoiding the fate of many Krakow academics who got arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen camp. His worries were mainly of a financial nature and that forced him to sell some of the books from his collection. He could however count on the help of his son, who used to send food packages to the family. As Janina Lutosławska recollects, during that period, her father often served as a symbol of encouragement to those who encountered him.
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Postwar period Lutosławski criticised the new authorities, he thought they were striving to convert Poland into yet another Soviet republic. Between 1946 and 1948 he held free private lectures at Jagiellonian University. In 1948 he wanted the university to reinstate him as associate professor but he was refused – again. In 1948 he managed to deliver a speech at the 10th Philosophy Congress in Amsterdam. He polished his metaphysical system then, but did not publish a book on the subject. The book was only published in the 21st century – Metafizyka (eng. Metaphysics), Drozdowo 2004. Lutosławski died on 28 December 1954. Before his death, he made peace with Sofia Casanova and prepared a document in which he renounced all his beliefs that could contradict the teachings of the Catholic Church. He was buried at Krakow Salwator Cemetery.
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Philosophy Wincenty Lutosławski coined the term "stylometry". A multilingual philosopher, he used literary analysis to establish the chronology of Plato's writings. It can be described through nationalistic Messianism and eleuterism – metaphysical spiritualist pluralism stemming from the philosophy of Plato. He combined them with Catholicism, programme of moral renewal and individualism. In his opinion eleuterism found its fullness in Christianity, that taught the value of every human soul, that was created by God. In his metaphysics Lutosławski claimed that the spiritual sphere is the primary and securely existing one. The materialistic sphere can be narrowed down to the phenomena. Lutosławski claimed that a human is equipped with fully free will and that we consist of two monads: spiritual, primary one and lower one – a body. Additionally, he supported the ideas of the pre-existence of soul as well as the palingenesis – a cyclical return of the same souls to earth in various human shapes. Lutosławski was the avid defender and admirer of Polish romanticism, he thought of himself as the heir who got his inspiration from the ideas of Andrzej Towiański, Józef Hoene-Wroński or August Cieszkowski. He wrote about Juliusz Słowacki, declaring him the author of the spiritualist evolution…
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Private life In 1886, in Spain, Lutosławski met the eminent Galician poet and writer Sofía Casanova. They married on 19 March 1886 and had four daughters: Maria (born 1888), Izabela (born 1889), Jadwiga (born 1891), and Halina (born 1897). The marriage was troubled for a number of reasons, including Jadwiga's death in 1895. Lutosławski had contributed to her death by believing he could cure his daughter's illness with his own energy. The last year Lutosławski and Sofia Casanova could be considered a couple was 1903; they most likely never received a formal divorce or annulment. On 29 June 1912, Lutosławski married again, in Verdun, France, to Wanda Peszyńska, a member of Eleusis. That second marriage was far happier. The following year the long-awaited son, Tadeusz, was born; he later became a diplomat in England and changed his name to Aleksander Jordan. In 1922 the couple's second child was born: Janina, later an English philologist. In 1897, in England, Lutosławski interviewed Joseph Conrad. Lutosławski's account, published in St. Petersburg, Russia, in the Polish weekly Kraj, and the ensuing controversy involving the novelist Eliza Orzeszkowa, caused Conrad much distress. He developed a lasting hatred for Orzeszkowa, who accused him of deserting his…
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Works Principes de stylométrie (1890) O logice Platona (I–II, Kraków 1891–1892, I: O tradycyi tekstu Platona, II: Dotychczasowe poglądy na logikę Platona i zadania dalszych badań nad tym przedmiotem) O pierwszych trzech tetralogiach dzieł Platona (Kraków 1896) The Origin and Growth of Plato's Logic. With an Account of Plato's Style and of the Chronology of His Writings (1897) Platon jako twórca idealizmu (Warsaw 1899) Źródła pesymizmu (Kraków 1899) Z dziedziny myśli. Studja filozoficzne. 1888–1899 (Kraków 1900) Wykłady Jagiellońskie (I–II, Kraków 1901–1902) The Polish Nation (Berlin 1908) Gdańsk and East Prussia (1919) Lithuania and White Ruthenia (1919) The Ruthenian Question in Galicia (1919) Bolshevism and Poland (1919) The World of Souls (1924) Pre-existence and Reincarnation (1928) The Knowledge of Reality (1930)